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Moderate inflation can be good, especially for some value stocks. Yet, the word “inflation” strikes fear into the hearts of many investors. Those who are old enough to remember might think about the United States in the 1970s or Brazil and the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Today’s environment is very different. We believe we are in a period of transitory price increases which will last months, not persistent high inflation lasting years. We think current cost-push inflation is poised to give way to a healthy, regenerative demand-pull environment, replete with moderate economic growth that is beneficial for the value companies in which we invest.
Under Pressure
History has shown moderate inflation can be good for value stocks, as illustrated in the chart below. We consider “moderate” to be between 2% and 4%. Compared to historically low inflation rates since the global financial crisis (GFC) over a decade ago, this may feel like a shock. However, modest demand-pull inflation is healthy and normal. Demand-pull inflation occurs when increased consumer demand for products allows companies to raise prices. This usually coincides with a period of moderate economic growth, as consumer demand makes up about 70% of US gross domestic product (GDP). When consumers and businesses consume more, the economy grows. This creates a favourable environment for many value companies.
The pandemic has caused cost-push inflation. The cost of inputs has gone up due to component and labour shortages. Investing in businesses that can absorb these price increases or pass them along to their customers in the form of higher prices without it affecting their market share is the first line of defense in a cost-push environment. In our experience, companies with strong brand names or whose products are in high demand and have few substitutes can achieve this. These companies may also benefit when the inflationary environment abates, as they can continue to charge a higher price for their product, leading to margin expansion which may lift the stock price.
Companies with low pricing power, such as companies with fixed-price contracts or those which do not have a powerful brand name behind them, might struggle to raise prices when their cost of materials increases. This leads to margin erosion and can weaken the financial standing of the company, reducing the stock price. This intricate understanding of a company, its place in the market, and the effect of inflation on its business can only be gained by in-depth fundamental research performed by an industry expert.
Golden Years
People usually associate interest rates with bond prices. What many investors may not consider is the profound effect interest rates also have on equity prices, particularly growth stocks. Rates have been historically low since 2009. During this time, prices for stocks with long-dated cash flows, or long duration, have soared to dizzying highs, creating a golden period for growth investing. In fact, the S&P 500 Index is currently at a record concentration of growth stocks versus value stocks due to the notable outperformance of growth versus value. 1
While interest rates are unlikely to rise back to levels seen in the 1980s, we expect they will soon increase. This should hurt growth stocks much more than financially sound value companies with low leverage. The prospect of higher interest rates provides real consequences for investors in long duration assets, because when the discount rate increases, the current value of the future stream of cash flows will fall, potentially taking the stock price with it. The interest rate effect is more pronounced when future cash flows are significantly greater than near-term cash flows. Companies currently trading at 30x earnings are doing so based on very long-dated expected cash flows that could be heavily affected when rates rise. However, value stocks trading at relatively low multiples of current cash flows or earnings—where near-term cash flow streams are larger relative to longer term cash flows—are less affected by increases in the discount rate and offer a better defense in the face of rising rates.
Black Tie White Noise
The recovery from the GFC brought on a period of unprecedented technological innovation, which encouraged increasing allocations to growth stocks. We believe the economy, as well as the market, has entered a new phase. Currently, we see cost-push inflation brought on by COVID-19-related supply chain issues. As the post-COVID economic recovery progresses, we expect cost-push inflation will subside as regions responsible for supplying the raw components for saleable goods ramp up production, and labour and logistical challenges also fade. The economy can then transition to moderate demand-pull inflation fuelled by consumer demand and spending power, and a resulting period of moderate economic growth.
Value stocks, which have done well in an environment of moderate economic growth and inflation and are generally more insulated from rising rates due to their shorter duration profile, provide much-needed balance to long duration growth stocks and are well poised to offer some of the best yields in the marketplace, if you know where to look. An environment of moderate growth also provides a perfect foundation for the execution of turnaround stories and restructuring plans that unlock shareholder value, which are common characteristics of value equities as well. An investment team that has been evaluating companies for decades across various inflationary and rising rate environments knows how to ignore the white noise and stick to what it does best, which is identifying companies that are less subject to these impacts and can continue to generate value for shareholders across multiple environments.
What Are the Risks?
All investments involve risks, including the possible loss of principal. The value of investments can go down as well as up, and investors may not get back the full amount invested. Stock prices fluctuate, sometimes rapidly and dramatically, due to factors affecting individual companies, particular industries or sectors or general market conditions. Value securities may not increase in price as anticipated or may decline further in value. Special risks are associated with foreign investing, including currency fluctuations, economic instability and political developments. Investments in emerging markets involve heightened risks related to the same factors, in addition to those associated with these markets’ smaller size, lesser liquidity and lack of established legal, political, business and social frameworks to support securities markets. Actively managed strategies could experience losses if the investment manager’s judgment about markets, interest rates or the attractiveness, relative values, liquidity or potential appreciation of particular investments made for a portfolio, proves to be incorrect. There can be no guarantee that an investment manager’s investment techniques or decisions will produce the desired results.
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1. Indices are unmanaged and one cannot directly invest in them. They do not include fees, expenses or sales charges. Past performance is not an indicator or a guarantee of future results.
